I know... I know... another post about the future of libraries. But this one is different from the talk I gave before. It's shorter; it geared towards an audience of non-librarians; it uses different stories; it betrays more of the form of a larger idea that I'm working on. And it has a different ending!
This presentation was for the Seventh Annual Conference on Teaching and Learning, held at the University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, May 1-2, 2013: On the verge: debating the future of university teaching.
And it began like this:
To begin, I would like you take a brief moment and fill in the blank above with one word. What's your word? (I'm going to give you my answer at the end of this talk. See if you can guess it!)
Let me start with a caveat. I'm a librarian. I am not a futurist.
So I'm not standing before you to tell you that I have soothed the future. But I will say that I have been looking for the future of the library for some time now. And I think I've seen glimpses of it.
Here’s a quotation from David Farrar, vice-president academic and provost of UBC, from an article entitled
Turning a Page: the changing role of the university library.
...libraries are still very popular, but they're now used very differently. "Wander around this place and you'll see students everywhere... [but] You won't see many people in the stacks... Given that 60% of UBC's library collection hasn't been picked up off the shelf in eight years, taking away book stacks an adding study spaces will be one of the few clear trends. The rest is... more or less negotiable...
And what he's describing is happening at almost all academic libraries: collections are either being digitized, move off-site into storage, or just "deaccessioned" to make room for group study areas for students.
That is the future of the library as it is unfolding in the present.
But the library of the future has to be more than a desk and a chair, access to the Internet, and an outlet to plug in a computer. Doesn't it?
I think so. And my talk today are about those negotiable alternatives.
And to do so, I will tell five short stories.
First story!
For many of our researchers, the library has become not so much of a space but of a border between territories. Librarians, as such, have become border guards. Give me a proper ID and password, and I will allow you to pass into the lands of JSTOR.
Meanwhile, the public library has largely become a point in space for many of us. When I'm at home, I go online and order the books that I'm interested in reading. When they are available, the library lets me know by email, and then I drive to the branch, park outside, swoop in and grab my books and leave.
In response to these behaviours, libraries are investing in comfier chairs, group study areas, collaborative working zones, and even media and technology labs. We are investing in our spaces so that the library can become a stronger collection of... people.
It’s as libraries have been turned inside out.
But what about our larger mission?
Isn't our mission to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful?
Or is it Google's?
Bear in mind that Google's mission statement doesn't apply to the world's information that comes in the form of printed newspaper.
Google won't help you there.
Which is too bad because so much of our history is captured in historical newspapers.
Luckily for all of us, Art Rhyno of the Leddy Library works where angel investors fear to tread. Art makes use of open source OCR (optical character recognition) software running on unused library computers to give digital images search-able text.
What if instead of trying to bring the community to the library, we brought the community to the world?
Second story!
And we move from Google to Wikipedia. Just like our students.
We understand that our students use Wikipedia but evidence suggests we probably underestimate how much they use it and depend on it.
This image is from the preliminary results from a multi-year longitudinal study called ‘
Visitors and Residents’ by Oxford University, the OCLC library consortium and the University of North Carolina. And so does this following quote:
"In simple terms students personal use of the internet is generally very effective for their education but they are nervous that their practices are not valid and don’t reveal them to their tutors. The messages or lack of messages from educational institutions on these practices is generating a learning black market which masks the sheer scale of these new modes of engagement."
An optional assignment to add research to Wikipedia from a first year intro to psych class from U of T backfired when the Wikipedia editors complained that they were being overwhelmed poor quality work from students.
Let’s review. Wikipedia editors were complaining to the University that their students were 1) plagiarizing 2) not citing their work properly and 3) overwhelming Wikipedia's ‘peer review system.’
I like to think that just like academia, Wikipedia needs librarians.
And librarians need Wikipedia. We need it because it is where our readers are. We need it because it’s a gateway that connects our readers to the subjects that would like to learn more about - and we need to connect those subjects with the sources that we offer. We need Wikipedia because it provides a platform of information without the undue influence of advertising. We need it because unlike most for profit mainstream media outlets, Wikipedia reveals the contestation of knowledge as much as knowledge itself.
And there are other reasons why libraries need Wikipedia
It's not well-known but behind Wikipedia is something called DBpedia which provides structured linked data that can be re-used and re-purposed. Here is a simple example from BBC Music where they use information from Wikipedia to populate their site in an organized way.
Linked Data is an opportunity for cultural institutions to provide structured, authoritative and organized information that our communities - that being our researchers, teachers, students, and programmers - can build upon.
We need Wikipedia because it provides this free and open linked data when our vendor supplied library systems do not.
And here's another reason:
Ed Summers of the Library of Congress created this html5/javascript mobile app called
ici (
http://inkdroid.org/ici/) that displays Wikipedia articles that have geolocation information relative to your current location.
You may notice some of the icons in the map are red. These markers designate those Wikipedia entries are currently lacking a image to illustrate its page entry.
Wikipeda now has an app that you can run on iPhone or Android device that allows you to easily take and donate license-free images to the Wikipedia Commons for use in Wikipedia and for anyone else. With that app and Ed's ici page, you can now walk around town with your smartphone and easily find ways to make Wikipedia better for everyone.
Now, I recognize that the map is not the territory. But the map of knowledge that has the best scale of representation of the interests of our own territories is Wikipedia.
And with the rise of mobile devices, Wikipedia allows us to access information in situ in a way that no library can.
Unless the library itself is mobile.
Which brings us to Story Three!
The Occupy movement surprised many of us. As did the emergence of so many People's Libraries.
Why were libraries seen so important to the Occupy movement while it seemed we were continually told that our “brand” is no longer compelling?
Other libraries are emerging from strange spaces as well. In 2009, a temporary 'Storefront Library' was established by Street Lab in Boston to demonstrate the potential impact of a library in the neighbourhood.
The team behind the Storefront Library in Boston then went on to design "The Uni Project" to allow them to create temporary reading space that could be established in public spaces both inside and out.
Recently, the Uni Reading Room has been touring the areas most affected from Hurricane Sandy as tens of thousands are still homeless after last October's epic storm.
I have been collecting examples of these vernacular libraries. Some are they are intended to be temporary. Some aspire to exist as long as possible. Some they are community-run. Some - like Lee Rodney's Border Bookmobile - are literally artist-driven.
At the Windsor Public Library they are trying to provide an "Apple Store-like experience". So they removing the desks and library staff now help readers find then borrow materials through the use of an iPhone, a bar code scanner and an iPad.
With this same technology, they are now able to establish temporary library branches, and in one case, establishing one in a neighbourhood where the residents could not get to the library - even though there was a branch only blocks away.
A librarian visits weekly with a small set of material that she brings with her that they request and with what she knows they might enjoy, based on her previous visits.
The librarian is the branch.
Speaking of which, in this room is my PirateBox. It's a router that provides wifi and costs about $30. Although it's really much more than that.
"
PirateBox is a self-contained mobile communication and file sharing device. Simply turn it on to transform any space into a free and open communications and file sharing network." Translated, a pirate box allows you to share files without being connected to nor monitored from the Internet.
Now, if the word Pirate makes you nervous, please be aware that there is a very similar form of this project called
LibraryBox that does essentially the same thing as a PirateBox.
[If you take your computer or mobile device and change your wifi source to 'Pirate Box' and then open your browser, you will be able to download all the slides of this talk and chat with others in this room if you choose to do so.]
I too am a library.
Story Four! History is our Future
We tell our students to be careful of what they put on the internet because putting information on the internet means it will exist forever. And that’s not exactly true.
Many websites, even those owned by profitable companies (like Twitter) will shut down sites filled with the words and pictures of people’s lives even though they are still used by millions of people (like Posterous).
Recently, Yahoo gave its users only 11 days notice that they there shutting down Upcoming - a community events service that they had been around since 2003 - and provided no way of exporting their work.
Now in the UK, they have passed legislation allowing the British Library and five others to archive the nation's web-published output so that “it is collected as comprehensively and systematically as possible in order to preserve the material for future generations and to make it available in the designated legal deposit libraries.”
The first web crawl -- of 4.8 million websites with more than a billion pages -- will be complete by the end of 2013 and will be made available to researchers, along with tens of thousands of ejournal articles, ebooks and other materials. Most sites will be crawled once every few months, but between 250 and 500 key rapidly-refreshing sites (such as newspaper websites) will be crawled on a daily basis (although that information won't be made available to members of the public until at least a week after publication).
In the US, just weeks ago, the
Digital Library of America was officially launched. Its scope and purpose is still evolving but at the moment, it's about this:
The Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) brings together the riches of America’s libraries, archives, and museums, and makes them freely available to the world. It strives to contain the full breadth of human expression, from the written word, to works of art and culture, to records of America’s heritage, to the efforts and data of science. The DPLA aims to expand this crucial realm of openly available materials, and make those riches more easily discovered and more widely usable and used.
Meanwhile, in Canada:
- Last April, the federal government imposed cuts that led to a 20% reduction of the workforce at the Libraries and Archives Canada and the elimination of the National Archival Development Program, which supported archival programs at the local level, and ended the library’s interlibrary loan program
- The cuts to services at LAC were justified by promises that digitizing LAC’s material and online access would make up for the deficiency of on-site services. But this argument is facetious once you know that the cuts in question reduced their digitization staff by 50%.
- It is difficult to envision a future in which LAC will be able to archive the websites in Canada, when LAC internal estimates indicate that approximately 0.5% of LAC holdings (both textual and non-textual) have been digitized to date.
So we can't look to our National Library to save our websites for us. Who can we look to?
I don't know. Right now, there's no one. So it is up to us to save our past for our future.
If you are interested in joining a group of citizens - including myself - who are saving our digital heritage, may I suggest that you go to
ArchiveTeam.org, and install the "Archive Warrior" on your computer and have it run in the background. It will help download and save work on the project of your choice on behalf of the ArchiveTeam.
It was the ArchiveTeam who ended up saving Upcoming, as well as Posterous, Geocities, Friendster and many other free sites and services that we sort of thought would always be there until they were gone.
Story Five: The Last Story!
If you buy a printed book, the first sale doctrine allows you to pretty much anything to that book - other than to copy and sell additional copies of that book, of course.
As Lewis Hyde reminds us, with a printed book, "You may return to it multiple times, read it to your child, copy bits into a journal, give it to a friend, loan it to a student, sell it to a stranger... the copyright owner's control ends at the point of purchase."
But the first sale doctrine applies does not apply to ebooks.
It's not clear if it exists (technically a new copy is created each time someone downloads a file, and for all things under copyright, making that copy requires permission...
So instead of relying on the doctrine of first sale to make available print books to the public, now libraries have to negotiate licenses to do the same with ebooks.
And to prevent these books to be posted online for the world at large, publishers have embedded ebooks with DRM (digital rights management) software which allow the ebooks to blocked from cutting and pasting, from being copied to another person, and to even self-destruct after a given period of time or views.
And there are many consequences to this shift including some that we probably haven't even experienced or understood yet. How can libraries preserve ebooks across generations when it's illegal to tamper with DRM software? What happens when a reader's annotations are locked into a proprietary platform like Amazon's? What is the long term impact of text being separated from the corpus and the activity of the Internet?
But why are we accepting this crappier future of books and reading?
And not entirely unrelated, what happened to the future of the past that was exciting and worth looking forward to?
We need to break out of this future of text trapped in amber.
Here's a vision of the future of ebooks from someone many consider a visionary, including myself.
This is Bret Victor's
Explorable Explanations:
Explorable Explanations is my umbrella project for ideas that enable and encourage truly active reading. The goal is to change people's relationship with text. People currently think of text as information to be consumed. I want text to be used as an environment to think in.
Bret Victor has already built the scripting tools that make such reactive documents already possible. And there are other tools available.
At Drexel University, a chemistry lab is using Google App Scripts - a modified form of Javascript - in their shared spreadsheets.
In their Open Notebook, they have library scripts that can answer these questions: Is this a compound in the CRC Handbook ? Can I get the article title from this DOI? Is the journal available from the library?
The library is embedded into the document.
Before I end, let's go back to the beginning
Here's my word.
What I'm trying to say is this: Your future is our future.
In 2006,
librarian Dan Chudnov, now Director of Scholarly Technology at George
Washington University's Gelman Library in Washington DC, tried to
distill his work into one core professional mission:
Help people build their own libraries.
I've always been taken by this mission, if just for this simple reason:
By
helping others build their own libraries, we will ensure
that the library of the future will take many shapes and many forms and
thus give us more reasons to have hope that our shared future will
have libraries.
